SOCIAL WORK PROFESSION IN INDIA :AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE

Book Review

Social Work Profession in India:

An Uncertain Future

K.R.Gangadharan*

Author : T.K.Nair

Publisher : Niruta Publications

Pages : xvi+256

Price : INR 500

Social work in India has three components: clinical social work (in particular, psychiatric social work), developmental social work (or development work), and social action (for social justice and social equity) according to Prof.T.K.Nair. Thepresent book contains ten articles from social work practitioners and social work scholars who critically analyse the different dimensions of social work practice and education.

 “Philosophy of Social Work in Changing India”, by late Professor M.V. Moorthy traces the philosophy of social work in India from ancient times to the modern era. He observes rightly that theory and practice should go hand in hand;but behind theory and practice there should be philosophy to give tone, tenor and temper to the profession.  Prof. Moorthy adds: “ Whatever may be the line of development followed by professional social work in the West, we in India cannot ignore the ethical contents and spirit of social work profession”.

Professor Henry D’ Souza’s article “Social Justice in India: Reflections” focuses on redistributive justice because the lack of it reinforces injustice in gender, religion, caste and tribe. He describes in detail poverty, slavery and bonded labour, corruption and bribery in India. He says that social justice struggles in our diverse, complex and largest democracy will need to continue fearlessly and with relentless determination. He is not optimistic of the effectiveness of social work profession in promoting social justice though some social workers educated in the schools of social work may commit themselves to serve the vulnerable and poor by engaging themselves in organizing local communities, and initiating struggles for social and economic justice.

“Evolutionary Excellence in Social Work” bySampath and KalpanaSampath underscores theconviction of the authors that individuals and institutions strive towards excellence. To align individual and organizational values, a continuous clarification process is essential which should ideally involve the ability to “connect, correlate and create”.For any individual or organization, excellence is an ongoing process. When individuals and institutions pursue excellence, they make a difference to themselves and to those around them.

Dr. Shanthi Ranganathan has devoted her whole life for treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholics and other substance addicts under the auspices of the TTK Hospital, which she founded, for which she was awarded the Padma Shri and the UN Vienna Civil Society Award. In the article, “Substance Use Disorders and Social Work Interventions “, she explains in detail the measures for prevention of substance use disorders, early identification and enhancing motivation, treatment and followup. Besides individualized therapy, family therapy is arranged to reinforce the rehabilitation process. Professional social work has been given a key role in TTK hospital, a global leader in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) as the founder - director herself is a social worker. But Dr.Shanthi says that schools of social work give low preference to training of social workers with skills needed to work with persons with SUDs.

CAP Foundation, a social enterprise, founded in 1997 by Dr. NaliniGangadharan, believes that skill development is the key for empowerment of young men and women. Her article “ Poverty Alleviation through Skill Building : A Social Work Initiative “ presents the CAP model of “ Linking Learning and Livelihood “ needs of working children and youth to equitable market -oriented employability opportunities. CAP’s vision is to be an end –to- end community – based solutions provider in quality education to build safer, healthier and productive communities of young people capable of supporting self- directed growth and positive citizenship. Till 2013, CAP Foundation has trained 2, 54,395 young persons in 15 states and it has international presence in 8 locations.CAP Foundation is an illustration of the developmental social work initiative.

Ms.AnnieNamala has been actively involved in promoting social equity and protecting Dalit human rights for more than three decades. Annie Namala’s article “Promoting Social Justice, Human Rights and Empowerment” discusses in details the rights violations. Dalit communities continue to face caste - based violence despite the prohibition of untouchability and all forms of caste - based disabilities. On education and social inclusion, the article refers to the poor implementation of the various government provisions and schemes. Ms.Annie points out that social work studies need to constantly engage in a praxis process between theoretical instruction and field action. She wants the schools to engage field practitioners to be part of their faculty for periods of time.

Professor B.Devi Prasad, in his article “Voluntary Sector and Professional Social Work: Trends and Challenges” makes a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis of both the sectors. The strengths of the voluntary sector are the diversity of areas covered by the  sector; the innovative role by experimenting and promoting new areas of development work; and the closeness to people. The weaknesses of the voluntary sector include suspected allegiance of foreign - funded organizations; absence of transparency and credibility of many organizations; and uncertainty of regular funding support.The strengths of professional work according to Devi Prasad are its professional base with a track record of performance globally; sound knowledge base; and accountability to society. The weaknessesinclude the deteriorating quality of professional social work education; andthe ideological deficit. On social work education, Devi Prasad comments that it is “a sea of mediocrity with islands of excellence and visibility “.

Professor R.R.Singh’s article”Education for Professional Social Work in India : Overview” critically looks at the education for professional social work in the context of the changing  perspectives of the profession, proliferation of social work institutions, problems in the maintenance of standards, less availability of senior faculty for professional socialization  of students, and variations in courses and credits. Dr.Singh examines almost all aspects of social work education in India in this articlewith  authority.R.R.Singhobserves that the proliferation of such institutions is indeed a threat to the quality of professional social work education and practice. Most of these are self serving institutions which are not preparing competent professionals to serve society.

In the article “Should We Re-think the Nature of Social Work?”,Dr.M.Nadarajah is of the view that social work, as a mode of engagement, is an expression of our compassionate sentiment, born out of our sociability, and it is essentially directed at those in need of help.  Dr. Nadarajah states that social work today is a profession in the economy and job market. It has also been commodified, bringing it within the universe of profit motive. While social work has the features, in relation to addressing human misery, it has also assumed features that are towards profit maximization. In as much as it is in this orientation, there must be a constant supply of human misery.  The general effort of professional social work as an institution will not be directed at social prevention but towards curative activities, much like how the medical industry works. Dr. Nadarajah is of the view that society where people engage at all levels to address human suffering and consider radical structural reforms and prevention would not be in the interest of modern, professionalised social work.

Professor T.K.Nair, in his article “ Humanitarianism Professionalized : Dilemmas of Social Work in India”, traces  the history of social work profession and social work education. The proliferation of social work courses under different auspices; the dominance of HR (human resources) concentration in the social work curricula ; the unwillingness of social work educational institutions to focus on social work without HR; the deteriorating quality of social work education in most institutions; the lack of practice-based research by the practioners as well as the faculty; the absence of regulatory bodies of social work education and practice; and related issues are discussed by Prof.Nair in his article. He comes to the conclusion that social work is not a profession in India.

My joining the Madras School of Social Work for the postgraduate programme was with the confidence that the Postgraduate Diploma would enable me to get into the Personnel Department of an industry, which I secured on completion of the social work course. After working in industries for some years, I decided to accept an offer from the newly established corporate hospital (Apollo Hospital) at Chennai to head its Human Resource Department. Subsequently I was promoted as General Manager (Operations), which gave me a tremendously valuable experience in building and developing a hospital. I, then, shifted my base to Hyderabad, where I worked as Vice-President of a major hospital. At that time, I decided to start a hospital of my own. During one of my regular interactions with Prof. T. K. Nair at Chennai, he suggested to enter into the field of ageing. Prof. Nair was at that time active in promoting community based services for the elderly. He presented a grand design for me including Presidentship of the International Federation on Ageing. At that time, I was quite skeptical of the feasibility of his advice but as destiny would have it, I started the Heritage Hospital for the elderly. Incidentally, Prof .Nair was the one who suggested the title Heritage for my initiatives. I was invited to speak at the White House Conference on Ageing in 2005. I became President of the International Federation on Ageing before I turned 60. I travelled to many countries as IFA president. I was one of the members of a panel Open-ended Working Group on Ageing. I was invited as a resource person by UN ESCAP and WHO SEAR in many of their regional meetings of experts on ageing. The government of India invited me to be a member of the committee to redraft the National Policy on Senior Citizens. I was a Member of the National Council of Older Persons during 2006-2011. I was a member of the Andhra Pradesh State Advisory Council to implement the National Policy on Older Persons. Now I am active in health care, social welfare policy, and social work administration. A transformation from HR Management to Human Welfare and Social Work.

The present book edited by Prof. Nair looks at social work profession in India from an incisively critical perspective. Personally, I am happy that the book includes an article from my wife Nalini on the work she has been doing in the area of skill development. Professionally, I rate this volume as an excellent one for the future direction of social work.

Dr.K.R.Gangadharan

PhD., Creator, Heritage Hospital for the Elderly
Former President, IFA.

Community Work: Theories, Experiences & Challenges

Community Work: 

Theories, 

Experiences 

and Challenges 

BOOK REVIEW

Community Work: Theories, Experiences & Challenges

Goel, K., Pulla, V. and Francis, A. P. (Eds.),

2014. Bangalore: Niruta Publications, 262 pages, A$29.95, Rs. 350/-

Jennifer Woods †

“Community  development  has  been  identified as a core social work approach or method to work with  communities  who  are disenfranchised, marginalised and faced with broad social issues resulting from unjust policies and planning at global, national, state and local level.” (Goel et al, 2014, p. 5)

This text re-explores community development within a contemporary social work framework for service provision in a changing world. With increased technology that has changed the nature of community to encompass online aspects and a changing political and economic climate, community development must adapt to this ever-changing environment. The introductory  chapter  outlines  the  content  of the fifteen chapters that this book offers to its reader, which include:  community development and microfinance, community development for immigrant communities, safety-net groups for community building, community development and organisational change, the impact of globalisation on communities, culturally competent community development work, rural community development, African diasporic community development,  health promotion and community enhancement, community development and disaster management, arts and   community   development   and   mental health in community development.

Kalpana Goel, in the first chapter of this book, offers    new    definitions    for    contemporary communities and discusses the improved awareness of the functions of a community. Here, Goel identifies social work as ideally placed to address issues of social justice, marginalisation and human suffering within a community development framework but stresses that community development must fit into the community context in which it is being applied, taking account of contemporary heterogeneous society. Goel further comments on the principles and strategies of community development and their application within social work  and  completes  her  chapter  with discussion on  education  for social  workers in community development frameworks.

Chapter 2 by Gopalkhrishnan explores the concept of globalisation and the impact it has on communities and individuals. He further goes on to discuss the role that social workers can play, utilising community development frameworks, to address the issues and problems that globalisation has created.

The third chapter by Riggs and Pulla provides an in-depth discussion regarding the ability of visual and theatre-based arts to enhance community development and create a healing modality for trauma, leading to increased resilience at the individual and community levels.

†PhD candidate at Charles Sturt University, WaggaWagga, Australia Email: jwoods@csu.edu.au,

jmiegel2@bigpond.com

©2014 Woods. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Continuing, Penman in Chapter 4 uncovers the potential for community development frameworks to enhance community capacities via the delivery of health education at the grassroots level. The grassroots programmes evaluated in this chapter have been delivered utilising a spiritual setting and analysed on the basis of the impact they have on the health of the participants. Enhancing the health capacity of a community inevitably has a positive correlation with resilience building and thus provides a means to community development.

Percey and Orpin consider, in their chapter, the involvement of community     development practices in rural communities. Of particular interest is the discussion regarding the static nature of the rural community with its isolation and readily identifiable boundaries, which also allow for easy recognition of community identity.

Safety-net groups are identified as community support groups, which facilitate collective work towards community development. This is the concept discussed in the chapter by Francis and Zuchowski which links community development with group work—two well-defined social work practice interventions.  Safety-net groups allow for  self-determined and  empowered community development that is in the best interest of the community itself.

Disaster management, a growing field for social work for which community development is an appropriate model in a global situation of increased impact and intensity of disasters with less  state-provided  intervention. The application   of   strengths-based   theories   for social work with a community development framework, which enhance resilience, is the focus for this chapter by Bhadra and Pulla.

In their Chapter 8, Velander and Schineanu explore community development, which is culturally competent, and with particular regard to Australian indigenous communities. The authors discuss what constitutes culturally competent community development work and endorse the use of strengths-based practice theories, which endeavour to promote wise practice, the best choice of practice frameworks for community  work with Australian indigenous communities in remote areas.

The next chapter by Nikku investigates the means to educating the South Asian social work profession with regard to community development work that attempts to alleviate the issues of an increasingly globalised world coupled with internal conflict and decreased governance.

A chapter which considers the application of community development frameworks for social work with regard to mental health promotion is presented by Francis, Pulla and Goel. The authors endorse the use of strengths-based theories to address mental health issues by way of increasing resilience and promoting community spirit.

Microfinance as a means to supporting people with mental illness issues in Uganda is the next topic for discussion in this book. This chapter looks at the way in which microfinance can bridge the gap in coping with mental health problems that has been caused by families becoming nucleated or isolated in urban areas. The role of microfinance is seen as providing social support for people as a means to increasing their social capital and building the community.

Goel in Chapter 12 explores the role of community-based organisations in humanitarian resettlement programmes. Goel goes on to conclude that community development  programmes  and  principles  are the “backbone (p. 196)” of ethical and professional service provision for refugees and humanitarian entrants.

Similarly, wa Mungai in Chapter 13 looks at Ubuntu approaches to community development with immigrant communities referring to the view of the African communities as self-determining rather than accepting of the marginalised position offered by the dominant, hegemonic culture and looks at   the   role   of   extended   family   to   African cultures and the issues faced by diasporic African communities in Australia.

Finally, Mamidi and Chada look at the co- operative organisation of the street vendors in India, who form a major economic component and are creating significant civil issues within their community. Community development can pave the way forward to safe organisation of what is an historic component of urban life for India.

The concluding chapter wraps up the concept of  community  development for  the future  of social  work  in  an  era of  downsized governments and increased need with uncertainty  a  key  feature  of  contemporary society. Here, Francis and Pulla once again reiterate the appropriate pairing of strengths- based practice theories with community development   frameworks   for   ethical   social work service delivery that aims to alleviate the issues created in an uncertain world.

Clearly, with significant chapters that relate to both the Australian and wider, global context, this text provides a wealth of information for social work in a new environment brought about by globalisation, climate change and neoliberal political ideology that is witnessing the increased widening of the gap between rich and poor, increased numbers of people living in poverty and people facing increased risk of impact from disasters instigated by changes in climate. A comprehensive text, priced competitively, this text has the potential to add great benefit to the available literature on community development in the Australian context. The book also makes for a good textbook in South Asia and South East Asia. With clear and concise chapters written with respect to the ethical guidelines for Australian social work practice, this text fills the gap with a fresh lens that promotes community development in contemporary context.

Courtesy :Woods. Space and Culture, India 2014,